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There is limited information on envenoming by snakes of the genus Hoplocephalus from Eastern Australia. We investigated the clinical and laboratory features of patients with definite Hoplocephalus spp. bites including antivenom treatment, recruited to the Australian Snakebite Project. There were 15 definite Hoplocephalus spp. bites based on expert identification including eight by Hoplocephalus stephensi...
The production of secondary metabolites by cyanobacteria is extensively varied. Anabaena spp. have been shown to produce the toxins saxitoxin, anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s), cylindrospermopsin and microcystin. In this study we show cytotoxicity associated with Anabaena circinalis 131C that could not be attributed to its high saxitoxin content. Analytical, ELISA and enzymatic methods excluded the presence...
A flagellar protein belonging to the genus Methylobacterium or Agrobacterium was previously observed by proteomics in azaspiracids (AZA) toxic mussels. Here, we report the isolation of two different Methylobacterium spp. (NTx1 and Tx1) from non-toxic and AZA toxic mussels, respectively, which when co-cultured with AZA exhibited significantly different growth responses - isolate Tx1 growth rate was...
This communication reviews most of the important findings related to venom components isolated from scorpions and spiders, mainly by means of gene cloning and expression. Rather than revising results obtained by classical biochemical studies that report structure and function of venom components, here the emphasis is placed on cloning and identification of genes present in the venomous glands of these...
Fast-acting cyclic imines belonging to the pinnatoxin and pteriatoxin group of toxins were originally identified in shellfish of the genera Pinna and Pteria in Japan, after food poisoning events in China linked to consumption of Pinna spp. Recently, a range of new and known pinnatoxin analogs has been identified in shellfish, sediment, and seawater samples from Australia and New Zealand. Although...
Many medically important animals exhibit fluctuating seasonal abundance such that risk from envenomation or disease is not constant throughout the year. As indicated by homeowner submissions, brown recluse spiders, Loxosceles reclusa, show seasonal peaks of activity during summer and paucity in winter. This information should be incorporated as part of the diagnostic algorithm for physicians when...
The crassispirids are a large branch of venomous marine gastropods whose venoms have not been investigated previously. We demonstrate that crassispirids comprise a major group of toxoglossate snails in a clade distinct from all turrids whose venoms have been analyzed. The isolation and biochemical definition of the first venom component from any crassispirid is described.Crassipeptide cce9a from Crassispira...
Phα1β is a potent toxin obtained from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer that blocks neuronal voltage-sensitive Ca 2+ channels. This study compared the antiallodynic effects of Phα1β, ω-conotoxin MVIIA and morphine in mice and their side effects in rats. Mechanical allodynia was measured in mice receiving single intrathecal administration of Phα1β, ω-conotoxin MVIIA or morphine before or after...
Serotherapy against Hemiscorpius (H.) lepturus scorpion sting is based on the administration of equine polyvalent antivenom prepared against a mixture of six venoms. In a previous study, we reported the identification of Heminecrolysin, a 33 kDa H. lepturus venom protein endowed with a sphingomyelinase D, hemolytic and dermonecrotic activities. We aimed herein to investigate the capacity of Heminecrolysin...
Members of the cyclic imine group of toxins, gymnodimine and spirolides, have been found to be potent antagonists of both muscle type and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These toxins exhibit fast acting toxicity in vivo, causing death within minutes by respiratory depression. This toxicity is shared by the novel cyclic imine pinnatoxins E and F, produced by marine dinoflagellates and recently...
Snakebite is a major medical problem in developing Asia. Hump-nosed pit viper (Genus Hypnale) causes the most number of snakebites with significant morbidity and mortality in Sri Lanka. Even though there are three species (Hypnale hypnale, Hypnale zara and Hypnale nepa) in Sri Lanka there are few published literature on species-specific clinico-epidemiological data. This report describes an authenticated...
Loxosceles spiders are found globally, especially in South and North America. In Brazil, approximately 10,000 cases of Loxosceles spp. spider bites are reported annually. Herein we analyzed 81 patients diagnosed as either cutaneous or cutaneous-hemolytic loxoscelism, in a geographical area where most accidents are caused by Loxosceles gaucho, and we report their clinical and laboratory data obtained...
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